The “family” of services in kind embraces education, health, personal services and other budget expenditures. Appraisal of consumption of services in kind proves problematic when the consumers belong to different income, age, occupation and education brackets.
Nevertheless, such an appraisal and its quantification across all social services provided by the government or other public bodies is essential for an understand of economic inequity and, of course, inequity in economic welfare.
This paper appears as a chapter in the Center’s annual publication, Changing Social Policy: Israel 1985-1986, and is available upon request.